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Pharmacology

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Pharmacology is a branch of medicine and pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly or narrowly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species). More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, chemical biology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. ...
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History

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The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to the Middle Ages, with pharmacognosy and Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine , Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac , and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas . Early pharmacology focused on herbalism and natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Medicines were compiled in books called pharmacopoeias. Crude drugs have been used since prehistory as a preparation of substances from natural sources. However, the active ingredient of crude drugs are not purified and the substance is adulterated with other substances. Traditional medicine varies between cultures and may be specific to a particular culture, such as in traditional Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan and Korean medicine. However much of this has since been regarded as pseudoscience. Pharmacological substances known as entheogens may have spiritual and religious use and historical context. In the 17th century, the English physician Nicholas Culpeper trans...
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17)Republic Day 2021: Virat Kohli, Saina Nehwal Lead Would like Republic Day 2021, Surat Woman's 10, 000-Km Big rig Drive To Promote PM's Assignment

India Republic Day -- Several sportspersons posted their very own wishes on the occasion regarding India's 72nd Republic Day, including Virat Kohli, Saina Nehwal, and Ajinkya Rahane among others. India celebrates the 72nd Republic Day on Tuesday and sportspersons got to social media to extend their very own wish on the momentous event. "The future depends on what we do today. Let's be the power of our nation and help the idea reach greater heights. Wanting everyone a Happy Republic Day. Jai Hind, " authored the captain of the Indian native cricket team, Virat Kohli. "Happy 72nd Republic Day, " wrote badminton star Saina Nehwal. The Table of Control for Crickinfo in India (BCCI) furthermore posted greetings on the event. "The BCCI wishes an individual all a very Happy Republic Day, " tweeted typically the cricket board. India cricketer Yuzvendra Chahal and partner Dhanashree Verma danced to your song to extend their Republic Day greetings. ...
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